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## Working with HashTable

The `HashTable` structure serves many purposes in PHP and can be found everywhere, a good understanding of it's functionality is a preqrequisite of being a good `Hacker`.

The `HashTable` implemented by the engine is a standard `HashTable`, that is to say, a key => value based store, where the keys are always strings, whose hashes are calculated with a built in hashing algorythim `zend_inline_hash_func(const char* key, uint length)`, which results in good distribution, and reasonable usage.

The internal structure and exact operation of `HashTable` is out of the scope of this document, this document serves to inform you of the API's available and how best to use them. For a more detailed picture of the HashTable see `Zend/zend_hash.h`.

Unless otherwise stated, these functions all return `FAILURE` if the requested opeation fails for any reason, otherwise `SUCCESS` is returned.

> Note:

> It is important to remember that ordinarily `HashTable` API functions expect key lengths to be the length of the null terminated string, including the null termination, in other words they expect `strlen(key) + 1`

Below are some typedefs you should know when interacting with `HashTable`. They are mostly self explanitory and will allow the `Hacker` to fully understand the prototypes below properly.

    typedef ulong (*hash_func_t)(const char *arKey, uint nKeyLength); /* mostly redundant */
    typedef int  (*compare_func_t)(const void *, const void * TSRMLS_DC); /* comparison function */
    typedef void (*sort_func_t)(void *, size_t, register size_t, compare_func_t TSRMLS_DC); /* sorting function */
    typedef void (*dtor_func_t)(void *pDest); /* destructor function */
    typedef void (*copy_ctor_func_t)(void *pElement); /* copy constructor */
    typedef void (*copy_ctor_param_func_t)(void *pElement, void *pParam); /* copy with argument constructor */
    typedef int (*apply_func_t)(void *pDest TSRMLS_DC); /* apply function */
    typedef int (*apply_func_arg_t)(void *pDest, void *argument TSRMLS_DC); /* apply with argument function */
    typedef int (*apply_func_args_t)(void *pDest TSRMLS_DC, int num_args, va_list args, zend_hash_key *hash_key); /* apply with multiple arguments function */

HashTable API
`int zend_hash_init(HashTable* ht, uint size, hash_func_t hash, dtor_func_t destructor, zend_bool persistent)`
Initializes the hash table to hold at least `size` elements, `hash` exists for historical reasons and is always ignored, `zend_inline_hash_func` is always used as the hashing function. `destructor` may be `NULL`.
`int zend_hash_add(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen, void* data, uint dlen, void** dest)`
adds `data` to the table using the specified `key`, where the key is `length` bytes long (and will be copied from `key` to the table). If the key is set FAILURE will be returned.
`int zend_hash_update(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen, void* data, uint dlen, void** dest)`
adds `data` to the table using the specified `key`, where the key is `length` bytes long (and will be copied from `key` to the table). If the key has been set previously the old data has `dtor_func_t` called on it and the existing data is replaced with `data`
`int zend_hash_find(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen, void** data)`
searches the table for `key`, setting `*data` and returning SUCCESS if it is found.
`zend_bool zend_hash_exists(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen)`
returns positively if `key` is found in `ht`
`int zend_hash_del(HashTable* ht, const char* key, uint klen)`
removes the entry identified by `key` from the table if found
`int zend_hash_index_update(HashTable* ht, ulong index, void* data, uint dsize, void** dest)`
updates the entry at `index` in `ht`, with the data at `data`
`int zend_hash_index_del(HashTable* ht, ulong index)`
deletes the entry at `index` from `ht`
`int zend_hash_index_find(HashTable* ht, ulong index, void** data)`
redirects `*data` to the data identified by `index` in `ht`
`int zend_hash_index_exists(HashTable* ht, ulong index)`
returns positively if `index` is found in `ht`
`ulong zend_hash_next_free_element(HashTable* ht)`
returns the index of the next free element in `ht`

Caution

zend_hash_* functions that accept `void* data` should normally cast it to `(void**)` (ie, `(void**) &data`)

Traversing the HashTable is often necessary, to do this you provide a pointer to a `HashTable`, with an optional `HashPosition` - a structure internal to the HashTable API that allows traversal not to affect the internal position of HashTable. The following traversal functions are provided, and an example usage found below.

HashTable Traversal API
`int zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset(HashTable* ht)`
resets the internal pointer of `ht` to the start
`int zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(HashTable* ht, HashPosition position)`
sets `position` the the start of `ht`
`int zend_hash_get_current_data(HashTable* ht, void* data)`
gets the data at the current position in `ht`, `data` should be cast to `void**`, ie: `(void**) &data`
`int zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(HashTable* ht, void* data, HashPosition position)`
sets `data` to the data at `position` in `ht`
`int zend_hash_get_current_key(HashTable* ht, void* data, char**key, uint klen, ulong index, zend_bool duplicate)`
sets `key`, `klen`, and `index` from the key information at the current position. The possible return values HASH_KEY_IS_STRING and HASH_KEY_IS_LONG are indicative of the kind of key found at the current posision.
`int zend_hash_get_current_key_ex(HashTable* ht, void* data, char**key, uint klen, ulong index, zend_bool duplicate, HashPosition position)`
sets `key`, `klen`, and `index` from the key information at `position`. The possible return values `HASH_KEY_IS_STRING` and `HASH_KEY_IS_LONG` are indicative of the kind of key found at `position`.
`int zend_hash_move_forward(HashTable* ht)`
moves the internal pointer of `ht` to the next entry in `ht`
`int zend_hash_move_forward_ex(HashTable* ht, HashPosition position)`
moves `position` to the next entry in `ht`

The functions above allow traversal over a `HashTable` to be much like a normal loop, which will look something like:

    HashPosition position;
    zval **data = NULL;

    for (zend_hash_internal_pointer_reset_ex(ht, &position);
         zend_hash_get_current_data_ex(ht, (void**) &data, &position) == SUCCESS;
         zend_hash_move_forward_ex(ht, &position)) {

         /* by now we have data set and can use Z_ macros for accessing type and variable data */

         char *key = NULL;
         uint  klen;
         ulong index;

         if (zend_hash_get_current_key_ex(ht, &key, &klen, &index, 0, &position) == HASH_KEY_IS_STRING) {
             /* the key is a string, key and klen will be set */
         } else {
             /* we assume the key to be long, index will be set */
         }
    }

> Note:

> If a `HashTable` has been passed into the engine, it is a good idea to use the zend_hash_*_ex API to avoid unexpected behaviour in userland.

> Note:

> If a `duplicate` of the key is requested and `HAS_KEY_IS_STRING` is returned the caller must `efree` the duplicated key

In addition to traversal, the engine provides API functions for merging, copying, and comparing HashTables. These are all concepts that the `Hacker` should be familiar with. A concept possibly not in the repertoire of the `Hacker` is `applying`, which is lamens terms is functionality of the `HashTable` API allowing the `Hacker` to pass a callback function to be executed on every entry in a `HashTable`.

Copying, Merging and Sorting
`void zend_hash_copy(HashTable *target, HashTable *source, copy_ctor_func_t pCopyConstructor, void *tmp, uint size)`
Copies the contents of `source` to `target`. `tmp` should be an unallocated temporary pointer of the appropriate type, used during copying. `size` is the size of each element.
`void zend_hash_merge(HashTable *target, HashTable *source, copy_ctor_func_t pCopyConstructor, void *tmp, uint size, zend_bool overwrite)`
Merges the contents of `source` into `destination`, replacing existing entries only where `overwrite` is true.
`void int zend_hash_sort(HashTable *ht, sort_func_t sort_func, compare_func_t compare_func, int renumber TSRMLS_DC)`
`renumber` controls if indexes should be preserved, see the typedefs at the start of this section for more information

> Note:

> When a function accepts a `copy_ctor_func_t pCopyConstructor`, the function passed with be executed upon creation of every new entry in the `HashTable`. The most common copy constructor used within the engine is a wrapper around `zval_copy_ctor`, the macro `ZVAL_COPY_CTOR`.

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