▪Use lines to guide the readers’ attention to a particular object. ▪Apply white space to separate objects that don’t belong together. Reduce white space to group objects that are related. ▪If space is limited, use lines to separate objects that don’t belong together and can’t be moved apart. ▪Use frames to group objects that belong together. ▪However, note that each line or frame adds more clutter to the page. If possible, use white space around a group, or add a light common background color to a group instead (place the group on a filled rectangle). Tip:
Lines often don’t need to be complete to achieve the intended effect of guiding the eye. Using a short line instead of a long one can also help to avoid some clutter.
In the following picture, a large amount of white space separates two groups of content. A short line makes the distinction even stronger without adding much clutter.

In the next picture, a group is indicated by an incomplete frame.

If you can’t position related objects next to each other, use identical colors, shapes, sizes, or fonts to group them. The more things the members of each group have in common, the stronger the visual coherence is.

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